Desarrollo de tolerancia oral en niños con alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca: seguimiento de 10 años / Oral tolerance development in children with allergy to cow's milk protein: follow-up of 10 years

Se estima que niños alérgicos desarrollen tolerancia oral durante los primeros años de vida con una dieta de eliminación de lácteos. Determinar el tiempo de desarrollo de tolerancia oral a la proteína de leche de vaca, características clínicas y laboratorio. Estudio prospectivo, seguimiento durante 10 años, de niños con alergia a proteína de leche de vaca. Se indicó dieta de eliminación por 4 semanas con posterior reto. Se solicitó IgE total y específica. Se registro edad y tiempo de dieta al confirmarse la tolerancia. 81 niños, 33/81(40,74%) femeninos y 48/81(59,25%) masculinos, edad promedio de diagnóstico 6,22 meses(rango <1-42). Alergia no mediada IgE 32/81 (39,50%) y alergia mediada IgE 49/81 (60,49%); IgE específica para leche de vaca positivo en 55/81 (67,90%). Diagnóstico por respuesta positiva a la dieta de eliminación en 62/81 (76,54%) y con reto en 19/81 (23,45%). Desarrollaron tolerancia después de 12-18m con dieta, 21/32 (65,62%) con alergia no IgE a los 1,6 años y 23/49 (46,93%) con alergia IgE a los 2,13 años. Los niños restantes toleraron entre 19-24m, a los 2,35 y 2,80 años para la alergia no IgE e IgE respectivamente. Después de 36m, continuaron sin tolerar 5 niños entre ambos grupos con progreso a alergia alimentaria múltiple. El diagnóstico de alergia puede basarse en la respuesta positiva a la dieta de eliminación de lácteos, el reto es necesario en casos inciertos y la tolerancia se alcanza a una edad más temprana en niños con alergia no mediada IgE

It is estimated that allergic children develop oral tolerance in the early years of life with a dairy elimination diet. To determine the time development of oral tolerance to cow's milk protein, clinical and laboratory. A prospective study followed for 10 years, children allergic to cow's milk protein. He said elimination diet for 4 weeks after challenge. Was requested total IgE and specific. Age and time was recorded to confirm diet tolerance. 81 children, 33/81 (40.74%) were female and 48/81 (59.25%) male, average age at diagnosis 6.22 months (range <1-42). IgE-mediated allergy is not 32/81 (39.50%) and IgE-mediated allergy 49/81 (60.49%) specific IgE to cow's milk positive in 55/81 (67.90%). Diagnosis by positive response to the elimination diet in 62/81 (76.54%) and challenge in 19/81 (23.45%). Tolerance developed after 12-18m with diet, 21/32 (65.62%) with non-IgE allergy to 1.6 years and 23/49 (46.93%) with IgE allergy to 2.13 years. The remaining children tolerated between 19-24m, to the 2.35 and 2.80 years for non-IgE allergy and IgE, respectively. After 36m, continued without tolerating 5 children between the two groups with multiple food allergy progress. The diagnosis of allergy can be based on positive response to milk elimination diet, the challenge is necessary in uncertain cases and tolerance is reached at an earlier age in children with IgE mediated allergy is not

Desnutrição calórico-proteica do tipo kwashiorkor desencadeada por alergia à proteína do leite de vaca / Kwashiorkor-type malnutrition due to cow's milk protein allergy

A enteropatia induzida por proteína alimentar, uma das formas de apresentação de hipersensibilidade alimentar, tem na alergia à proteína do leite de vaca a causa mais comum dessa síndrome. Ocorre comumente em lactentes, e o diagnóstico depende de uma anamnese minuciosa associada a uma resposta clínica favorável à retirada do antígeno. No presente relato, paciente do sexo feminino de 1 ano e 8 meses, interna para investigação de desnutrição calórico-proteica grave com história de vômitos, diarreia sanguinolenta e perda ponderal pronunciada a partir dos 8 meses de idade. Amamentação exclusiva no primeiro mês de vida e fórmula láctea do segundo ao quarto mês; desde então, com leite de vaca integral. Na admissão, chorosa, irritada, emagrecida, desidratada, cabelos despigmentados e quebradiços, em anasarca e com hepatomegalia. Exames laboratoriais revelaram anemia megaloblástica, leucocitose e hipoalbuminemia. Hipóteses diagnósticas: doença celíaca, fibrose cística e alergia à proteína do leite de vaca. Realizada endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsia: discreto aumento de eosinófilos na lâmina própria em mucosa gástrica e duodenal e esofagite crônica discreta com raros eosinófilos intraepiteliais. Teste do suor negativo. Estabelecido o diagnóstico de alergia à proteína do leite de vaca desencadeando um quadro de desnutrição calórico-proteica grave do tipo kwashiorkor e iniciada dieta com hidrolisado proteico. A alergia à proteína do leite de vaca é uma apresentação clínica frequente de alergia alimentar em lactentes e pré-escolares, sendo as repercussões gastrintestinais e nutricionais significativas nessa faixa etária. Dessa forma, o diagnóstico de alergia à proteína do leite de vaca deve ser considerado em pacientes com desnutrição calórico-proteica, uma vez que a desnutrição primária, por ingestão insuficiente, tenha sido excluída.

Dietary protein-induced enteropathy is one of the presentations of food allergy, and cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is its most common cause, frequently affecting infants. Diagnosis depends on thorough history associated with favorable clinical response to the antigen with drawal. This case report describes the case of a twenty-month-old female patient admitted to investigate protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) with severe vomiting, bloody diarrhea and significant weight loss since eight months of age. She was breastfed during the first month of life, receiving infant formula up to the fourth month and, since then, whole cow's milk. At admission, the patient was very irritable, crying, angry, dehydrated, with severe weight loss, brittle and depigmented hair, edema and hepatomegaly. Laboratory tests showed megaloblastic anemia, leukocytosis and hypoalbuminemia. Diagnostic hypotheses: celiac disease, cystic fibrosis and CMPA. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy showed slight increase in intra-epithelial eosinophils in the duodenum and chronic mild esophagitis with rare eosinophil infiltrate. Sweat test was negative. Diagnosis of kwashiorkor-type malnutrition triggered by CMPA was made, and hydrolyzed protein diet was started with favorable clinical outcome. CMPA is a prevalent clinical presentation of food allergy in infants and preschool children, and nutritional consequences are also important in these age groups. Therefore, CMPA diagnosis should always be considered in patients with PEM, provided the primary malnutrition secondary to insufficient food intake is excluded.